下列各句中，加点的词语使用恰当的一项是（）A:转换经营机制，固然对某些在旧的轨道上生活惯了的同志感到不习惯。
B:作家和艺术家不一定同时是文艺批评家或文艺理论家，然而他们一定同时是修养很高的鉴赏家。
C:王教授对收购古书的人说：“这些书过去我一直舍不得卖，现在拿出来，倒不是为了经济困难，而是因为国家需要这些书。”
D:这点小雪，他以为没有打伞的必要，何况他还贪图着看看夜间的雪景呢。

艺术直觉是人们在艺术活动中，对事物的特征、本质、意义，不经过逻辑推理和分析而直接地感受和领悟。

A.某技术工人在一次技术操作中突然发现合理的操作方法

B.某歌手经多次演出找到适合自己的歌唱方式和表演方式

C.某游客在欣赏毕加索的画时突然领悟到作品的独特内涵

D.某艺术鉴赏家通过多次对比发现了梵高绘画作品的特征

文学批评的审美吸引力源于将批评家的评价寓于意象比喻之中，要求批评家有（）

A、艺术推想力

B、美感传递力

C、精微的辨别力

D、抽象思辨力

审美的客体是。

A.鉴赏家

B.艺术家

C.艺术作品

D.艺术受众

邓拓是一个______的文人，擅长书画，对历史文物研究有精深造诣，堪称优秀的鉴赏家、收藏家；他喜爱诗词，兴之所至，情之所系，时有绝唱；他独创“燕山夜话”杂文文体，厚积薄发，______，一时间风行全国，______。依次填入划横线部分最恰当的一项是（　　）。

A、学富五车　文不加点　家喻户晓

B、殚见洽闻　三纸无驴　万人空巷

C、伐功矜能　哀梨并剪　脍炙人口

D、才华横溢　言简意赅　洛阳纸贵

In the history of arts patronage(资助，赞助), entrepreneurs-turned-connoisseurs(艺术品鉴赏家，行家) are a young development. The world's greatest museums the Louvre, Hermitage, Prado began as lavish civilization-is-power statements by monarchs and emperors; private individuals did not emerge as significant museum patrons before the 19th century. Until a generation ago. those wanting to leave their mark in bricks usually did so in a room of their own in a state museum: the Duveen Galleries at Tate Britain, the Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Gallery at New York's Museum of Modern Art. But in the past 15 years, that has changed: worldwide, collectors seek immortality in glass and steel, through a museum of their own, designed by an architect of their choosing.

These are not latter-day Henry Tates or Pavel Tretyakovs, democratic visionaries who paid for buildings and donated core collections to kick-start evolving national, state-run institutions. Museum builders of the 1990s and 2000s, by contrast, are products of late capitalism, dedicated to more personal projects, with an individualistic flavor. They represent the legacy of Thatcher-Reagan words of choice, private philanthropy (慈善机构), me-generation celebrity.

Together, these and scores more bring diversity and flatten old geographical hierarchies. In Istanbul, collector Sakip Sabanci's museum, founded in 2002, is the first ever to show western modernism in Turkey. Thanks to Dominique de Menil, the greatest collection of paintings by Cy Twombly, who lives in Italy, is on permanent show in Houston, Texas, in a gallery designed in 1995 by Renzo Piano. In 1996 the late collector and dealer Heinz Berggmen launched his Museum Berggruen in Berlin, giving Germany its only Picasso collection.

Is all for the best in the best of all possible worlds? Certainly, more private museums mean more art on display for more people to see. Today's collectors are reluctant to bequeath (遗赠) to established museums, where space shortages mean works may go straight into storerooms and stay there. By contrast, a dedicated museum maintains the integrity of a collection, keeping together outstanding groups of works, assembled with personal flair, in buildings designed to enhance them. Renzo Piano's light, see-through 1997 construction for Ernst Beyeler's cherry-picked modernist paintings in Basel is the shining European example. For contemporary work, private collectors have particular advantages: free of state bureaucracy, they can respond quickly to the fast pace, and show work in ways that are too radical for traditional museums.

How did the Louvre, Hermitage, and Prado museums originate according to the passage?

A．Donations of the richest collectors.

B．Patronage of private individuals.

C．Collections of connoisseurs.

D．Encouragements and approval by rulers.